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Construct, Internal, and External Validity Essay - 762 Words

Construct validity has to do with establishing correct operational measures for the concepts being studied (Yin 2009, p. 40). Yin (2009), writes that researchers can improve construct validity construct validity can be if multiple sources of data is employed (triangulation of data), establishing chain of evidence, and reviewing the report with their informants (p. 41). In making sure that one can draw a meaning and useful inferences from scores on particular instruments of data collection and to demonstrate the accuracy of their findings, Creswell (2013) also advice the use of member checking and triangulating data (p. 201). Quarm (2009) and Sarquah (2008) both used several data sources (interviews, documents, media, and internet) in†¦show more content†¦Both studies are said to be exploratory in nature. For example, Quarm (2009) study seek to describe the main actors and the strategies they employed to push the domestic violence bill onto the government agenda for attentio n whereas Sarquah (2008) study seek to describe the main factors affecting the implementation of the fiscal decentralization policy in Akuapem South district of Ghana. 8.3 External Validity Yin (2009) defines external validity as establishing the domain to which a study’s findings can be generalized beyond the immediate case study (p.40). It has to do with replication of results; generalization occurs when the same procedures are used by another researcher, the same results will be produced. Two types of generalizations have been identified by Yin (2009); these are â€Å"statistical generalization† which rely on sample survey data) and â€Å"analytical generalization†, which comes from case studies like experiments (p.43). In analytical generalization researchers try to generalize a set of findings to some broader theory (ibid). Both Quarm (2009) and Sarquah (2008) aimed at making analytical generalization hence both used theories in their single-case studies. Quarm (2009) study is analytically generalizable to models of agenda setting of domestic violence law in Ghana with respect to NGOs but not the agenda setting of other policies in Ghana. Sarqu ah (2008) findings in similar way can on be generalized to theories ofShow MoreRelatedExternal, Internal, and Construct Validity Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesValidity pertains to both the methods and the design of a research study and indicates â€Å"the degree with which correct inferences can be made from the results of a research study† (Indiana University Of Pennsylvania, 2010). According to Trochim and Donnelly, there are four types of validity including conclusion, internal, construct, and external (2008). In this assignment, three of these types will be discussed. Internal validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. ExternalRead More Validity: External, Internal, and Construct Essay examples2009 Words   |  9 PagesValidity In research paradigm, validity and reliability are the most basic characteristic issues used in qualitative and quantitative analysis. Validity as a psychometric standard is embedded in a positivist approach, which is relevant in reflecting on the qualitative point of view ascribed to the establishment of the truth. In view of this, definition of positivism ascribe to a theory systematic to validity. Additionally, other empirical conceptions culminating from resided validity includeRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Characteristics of External, Internal, and Construct Validity1790 Words   |  8 PagesCompare and Contrast the Characteristics of External, Internal, and Construct Validity Validity is an important aspect of the research design. For instance, in research the uses statistics as the primary form of measurement. Validity applies to the truth of a standard. A measure is valid, in general, when it (Renata, 2011, 1) includes what it devised to measure. Renata (2011) explained, Internal and external validity are the two primary types of validity (para. 1). However, both display diverse aspectsRead MoreThe Principles Of Reliability And Validity Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagesscientific proof, then validity and reliability are what you need. In the work by Xie, Huang (2014) they describe the following: The principles of reliability and validity are fundamental cornerstones of the scientific method. Reliability is defined as the extent to which a measure is repeated under ideal conditions. Validity refers to the degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure. Establishing good quality studies need both high reliability and high validity. (p.326). BothRead MoreCommon Tests of Reliability882 Words   |  4 PagesThese inaccuracies could mistakenly be attributed to the research variables. One of the most common tests of reliability is replication, which takes the form of test-retest, parallel forms of instruments, odd-even item correlations, or measures of internal consistency (Campbell Stanley, 1963). In inter-rater reliability, different people are utilized with the same test. This is also a strategy used to validate the reliability of data coding in qualitative research. For test-retest procedures, measurementRead MoreExternal Validity And Its Impact On The World1344 Words   |  6 Pagesstatistics class I have had the amazing opportunity of learning about various validities and data’s. The three validities in which I learned about were, internal, external and construct. I will explain these validities as well as experimental data and their usefulness in the world. Lastly, I will explain how one of these data could be useful to me in resolving an issue that I may meet in life. External Validity includes generalization claims, or the study s capacity to sum up the outcomesRead MoreA Study That Affects College Students Of Sleep1357 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Give a one-sentence definition of internal validity. As an example, I’m going to conduct a study that deprives college students of sleep, to prove their grades will go down as a result. If I found a link between reduced sleep and reduced grades, what is an internally valid conclusion about the results of this study (be specific)? Internal validity is isolating certain variables to determine how well an experiment goes. In your example, we are determining the link between sleep and a decreaseRead MoreNegative Consequences Of Sharp Drop Of Crude Oil Prices On The Nigerian Economy1485 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus more on how to measure and ensure the validity of the study, including the data collection, data analysis and overall methodology, design and even research findings. However, we are going to focus more on the validity. VALIDITY: Validity in general is the determination of how sound the information presented in the study is; based on the facts that a valid research study will present valid and believable findings (Trochim, Donnelly, 2008). Validity of a research study relies on the validlyRead MoreA Contemporary Analysis Of Accounting Professionals Work Life Balance1741 Words   |  7 PagesA research paper is only considered valuable if it is both valid and reliable in measuring the constructs that it claims to. This paper is aimed at evaluating the validity and reliability of the research paper titled â€Å"A Contemporary Analysis of Accounting Professionals’ Work-Life Balance† by Buchheit, Dalton, Harp and Hollingsworth, published in the Accounting Horizons Journal in March 2016 in its first issue of volume 30. The research paper endeavoured to provide answers for two main research questionsRead MoreExternal, Internal, And Construct Essay738 Words   |  3 PagesValidity: External, Intern al, and Construct Internal validity measures what it intends to measure or, more generally, if it examines what it sets out to examine. In effect, a valid study gives real answers to the research questions and provides a real test of the hypotheses. According to Aken, Berends, and Bij (2007), â€Å"Internal validity concerns conclusions about the relationship between phenomena. The results of a study are internally valid when conclusions about relationships are justified and

A Study Of Carnivorous Plants Essay Research free essay sample

A Study Of Carnivorous Plants Essay, Research Paper A Study of Carnivorous Plants What precisely are carnivorous workss? They have made visual aspects in infinite films, books, and scientific discipline carnivals, but what defines a carnivorous works is that an indispensable portion of its diet is meat or insects. This includes Venus flytraps ( Dionaea muscipula ) , Pitcher Plants ( Sarrecenia, Nepenthes, and Darlingtonia ) , and Sundews ( Drosera ) . Why must these workss # 8220 ; eat # 8221 ; meat? As workss and animate beings evolve, they change to boom in their environments more efficaciously. These workss evolved in countries with highly hapless, acidic dirt. To do up for this deficiency of foods, these workss developed ways to pin down insects which would supply the foods required ( Meyers, Rice B.A. , www.sarrecenia.com/faq.html, 1998, Carnivorous Plant FAQ v6.0, Oct. 19, 1998 ) . The best known of these workss is the Venus flytrap, which uses a instead ghastly method of entraping its nutrient ; it has little # 8220 ; mouths # 8221 ; , which are really foliages adapted to work as traps, that near over the insect and so fade out it over a period of a few yearss. This is peculiarly absorbing as one can really see the oral cavities near over the insect. But how does the oral cavity near? Plants lack musculus ; it must utilize a somewhat more circuitous manner of capturing its nutrient. The Venus flytrap uses H2O motion to its advantage ; when something springs the trap, endocrines are rapidly released by the detector cells which cause H2O to travel out of the joint ; this makes the leaf prostration over the insect, pin downing it for digestion ( Meyers, Rice B.A. , www.sarrecenia.com/faq.html, 1998, Carnivorous Plant FAQ v6.0, Oct. 19, 1998 ) . The Sundew besides moves, although it uses a different technique ; when an insect is captured, the endocrines that are triggered slow the growing of cells on one side of the foliage, while rushing up the growing of those on the other. This causes the foliage to curve up around the insect. A Sundew traps the insects on gluey spinal columns, so it can take its clip in digestion ( Meyers, Rice B.A. , www.sarrecenia.com/faq.html, 1998, Carnivorous Plant FAQ v6.0, Oct. 19, 1998 ) . The hurler workss use a tubular root filled with a weak digestive enzyme to capture its quarry. When the insect falls into the # 8220 ; pitcher # 8221 ; , it becomes trapped in the enzyme and is digested. The hurler works besides has a foliage that shields the enzyme from rain, which would thin the solution. ( FEIS Biological Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/feis, Oct. 19, 1998 ) So, what impact do these workss have on the human race? Well, aside from their economical value to babys rooms and hobbyists, they are of import index species. In a scientific diary by Mary-Jo Godt, she observed that in countries of Florida, endangered species of Sarrecenia were deceasing out due to over-development ; these workss will demo when we are forcing the bounds on our ecological systems before we cause any serious, lasting harm. ( Godt, Mary-Jo ( 1998 ) . The American diary of Botany, Allozyme diverseness in the endangered Pitcher Plant Sarracenia, New York: Hamwick ) Besides being index species, these workss besides play an of import function in many marsh ecosystems. Drosera are used for eatage by elk in the Kenai peninsula, are of import to the continued being of the fens in which migratory water bird, among other animals, unrecorded and mate, organize a primary home ground for an endangered species of rattler in Massachusetts, the eastern massassauga rattlesnake, and are of import beginnings of nutrient for emmets, which will opportunistically feed on the insects trapped on its foliages ( www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~trigg/ , Oct. 19, 1998 ) . They can besides be used to renew bogs, swamps, and wetlands that have been destroyed or damaged by industrial usage or peat excavation due to the fact that they are much more resilient than other carnivorous workss ; one illustration of this is an Ontario bog that had been stripped two metres in peat excavation. It is presumed that they help rhythm foods back into the damaged, alimentary deficient dirt by change overing insects straight into utile substances. They can besides be put to this usage in countries damaged by firing or route building. The foliages of Drosera can be used in the production of cheese as they have the natural ability to clabber milk ; this technique is put to utilize in Sweden even today. The fresh foliages contain an antibiotic that has proven effectual in the combat of several bacteriums ( i.e. , Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pneumococcus ) and has been used to handle respiratory diseases and warts ( FEIS Biological Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/feis, Oc t. 19, 1998 ) . Unfortunately, Drosera rotundifolia, the round-leafed Sundew ( the most utile of the species ) is endangered due to drainage, which destroys insects that it will feed upon while they are still in the larval phase. They are besides threatened by fertilisers and weedkillers, which stunt the plant’s growing, and by the devastation of wetlands to increase belongings values. However, this works has proven rather immune to heavy graze. This works is found all around the temperate parts of the Earth, so entire obliteration is non an immediate menace if saving attempts are taken. It is found in Wisconsin ( FEIS Biological Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/feis, Oct. 19, 1998 ) . The following works that influences the universe we live in is the Pitcher Plant, or any Sarrecenia, Nepenthes, or Darlingtonia. Darlingtonia californica, or the California Pitcher Plant, emits a putrid odor when damaged or cut, and is hence an unwanted beginning of nutrient. It is, nevertheless threatened by aggregators, who will poach this works from the natural state and so sell it as a wonder. It is an priceless index species of the ecosystems in Oregon and California. It can turn up to 39 inches tall, which makes it an unbelievable spectacle, although most workss will merely turn to be 8 to 24 inches tall. ( www.waikato.ac.nz/~trigg/ , Oct. 19,1998 ) This peculiar works produces its ain H2O, screening outside H2O with a # 8220 ; goon # 8221 ; . Many of the insects that visit the works will imbibe its nectar and flight uneaten, which creates a good relationship between the works and the insects, an built-in portion of the map of an ecosystem. The insects that do acquire trapped are decomposed by bacteriums, as this peculiar species produces no enzymes for digestion. Some insects will really populate insi de the hurler, feeding off of the victims that fall in or come excessively near. This works is considered an index of hapless, serpentine-rich dirt. Sarrecenia Minor, or the Hooded Pitcher Plant, is found in the South-East corner of the United States and ranges through Georgia and Florida. It has a helmet-shaped goon to maintain H2O out. Its chief manner of extension is through seed ; nevertheless, it will renew if atomization of the rootstocks should happen. Bare land is a necessity for the development of seeds. This species is threatened by aggregators every bit good, and local extinction can happen. These workss besides have a symbiotic relationship with many insects, supplying the insects with nectar and eating the occasional careless feeder. ( www.flytrap.demon.cc.uk/plant.html, Oct. 19, 1998 ) Yet another hurler works, the Sarrecenia purpurea is somewhat more widespread than its relations. It is found in 36 provinces including this one. Its goon is positioned vertically, leting rainwater to fall in. Its colour can be anything from xanthous to purple. It is a typical Pitcher Plant, able to propagate through rhizome atomization, but utilizing seed as the chief method. Bees are the chief bearers of the pollen. They thrive in hapless dirt missing minerals such as Molybdenum, and are a good index of where non to turn maize, oranges, or anything else that can non populate in driveway crushed rock. They portion the same symbiotic relationship with insects that the other species enjoy with one noteworthy add-on ; a little, non-biting species of mosquito ballads eggs which grow into larvae entirely in the liquid contained in the hurler of this works. Its diet contains a few interesting add-ons as good, including but non limited to snails, crickets, and grasshoppers. These workss he lp forestall cat tail overpopulation ; in countries where this species of hurler workss was damaged by salt overflow from the route, cat dress suits infested and choked the wetlands. They are desirable houseplants, every bit good. Several species of moth larvae eat entirely from this works, depending on it for their endurance ( FEIS Biological Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/feis, Oct. 19, 1998 ) . The concluding carnivorous works is the Dionaea muscipalia, or, as it is normally known, the Venus Flytrap ( www.flytrap.demon.cc.uk/plant.html ) . This works is used as a family works non merely for its expressions, but besides for its gruesomely effectual manner of diminishing the fly population in one # 8217 ; s place. This works, contrary to rumours, does non eat worlds ; in fact, the largest being reported eaten by these animals are toads and mice, and these are normally deathlike ailment or wounded at the clip of consumption. This works lives in North and South Carolina. It is non comestible, but plays a function in the environment, as all workss and animate beings do ( Watson, L. , and Dallwitz, M.J. ( 1992 ) . The Families of Blooming Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. New York: Del Ray ) . So, in decision, carnivorous workss are built-in to their ecosystems, and these ecosystems in bend are necessary for the wellness of the planet and world. Without carnivorous workss, these systems could non properly map and life would non be as it is today.

Yousif Saleh Essays (855 words) - Education, Educational Psychology

Yousif Saleh Philyaw AP Lang 3/13/16 Synthesis Essay: Technology Throughout the years of education, Technology has become integrated into the scholastic system. Technology has become a widespread method of schooling as it proves to be beneficial for the advancement of the students' performance. Although technology allows teaching to become more fluid, it can hinder the performance of students. National test scores are declining ever since technology became a daily part of people's boring lives. There are speculations to why students are obtaining drastically inferior results; however, the most obvious reason to this phenomenon is the implementation of technology in society and especially in schools. A school should consider the effects of technology on students' cognitive ability and the probability for students to commit to off-task activities. Students tend to deliberate less with the wide usage of technology. They place an extreme amount of trust on the internet and rarely rely on their own cognitive prowess. This reliance on technology causes students to feel at ease since no actual thinking is involved and the solutions are all located with a click of a button. Without the ability to properly analyze and brainstorm, students will be hopeless when technology is stripped from them. During a timed essay prompt, technology will not be there to aid the students through the assignment. Essays require highly advanced analysis and creatively skills since the student must take position regarding the prompt. To develop an argument, one must completely have faith in themselves and determine faults in both their own argument and the opposing argument. Technology does nothing but diminishes their capabilities to do so. Dyson asserts that technology "stifles a child's imagination rather than stimulate it." (Source C). Inste ad of technology improving the extent of a child's imagination it ruins and encloses it. This must be recognized by schools because if technology is not used wisely, it can seriously affect students' academic betterment. It is almost as if technology locks people up in a virtual prison. Angel Boligan draws a fascinating cartoon of a child imprisoned in a dark and gloomy room (Source F). The child is experiencing the outside world through a television screen, and this is a perfect example of the entanglement that technology oppresses on students. As the student watches only the television, he completely depends on the TV for information. In a sense, nature represents the blossoms of creativity and technology holds students back from true enlightenment. Although I made it seem like technology is a horrible device to use for education it has some benefits. It allows academics to become more convenient and accessible for both students and teachers. The internet provides students with a wealth of information that could assist students when and if they are perplexed about a certain topic. With a click of a button, students are able to find explanations and solutions to problems they couldn't probe through. I learn efficiently through everyday technology. Delaney affirms that technology "allows educators to interact with students, parents and each other in ways they never have before." (Source B). Innovation generated a large community of educator with a goal of providing knowledge to their fellow students. Students can access all sorts of information to their benefit. Gelernter quotes from President Clinton that technology "could make it possible for every child to reach every book ever written." (Source E). With every book ever written, students can become literary geniuses, but they choose not to. Rotstein argues that "electronic materials will get students more engaged in learning." (Source A). However, I ultimately deviate from his point of view because technology will only lead students to conform to non-scholastic online activities. None of the sources address this issue as a problem to the school system but I dispute that it is most important. If students don't stay on the course given materials, then they won't learn anything at all. There are an abundance of information on the internet, consisting of beneficial and useless information. Since the internet is such a broad medium it is easy for students to drive off-task. The internet mostly consists of garbage that can only restrict the human mind. Gelernter offers another point of view claiming that the internet "is